mohammad heydarpourklidsar; Mansoor Vossoughi; baghar saroukhani; mostefa azkia
Abstract
This study with the title of “analysis of cultural barriers for political development of Iran: Second Pahlavi era” aims to respond to this important question that what are the most significant cultural barriers of Second Pahlavi era that impede Iran’s society in pursuit of reaching ...
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This study with the title of “analysis of cultural barriers for political development of Iran: Second Pahlavi era” aims to respond to this important question that what are the most significant cultural barriers of Second Pahlavi era that impede Iran’s society in pursuit of reaching political development? Hence in order to gather relevant data and analyze historical evidences, historical and Analytical study methods were undertaken, by referring to actual and virtual libraries accompanied with scrutinizing valid documents, books and other relevant references. The findings of this study indicate that the governing dictatorship culture across the society and kingdom structure, absence of scientific and logical mentality, lack of questioning and criticizing attitude in society, weakness of civil society, strong presence of superstitious and traditional believes in context of society, dearth of affability and tolerance culture, lack of an original national liberal intellectual movement and authoritarianism management of Mohammad Reza Shah over various organizations and repressing civil society, political parties and critic sociological constitutions dependent to middle age traditional and contemporary class, closing critical journals and imposing heavy censorship on journals and other mass media beside suppressing dynamic intellectual movements, inhibit Iran’s society in reaching political development during Second Pahlavi era.
HASAN drhbashir; m erfanpoor
Abstract
Literature is a social document by analyzing which we can reach an outline for social situations of a given era. Islamic revolution era, has undergone so many developments and vicissitudes with regard to social conditions of Iranian people that has been reflected in the poetry of this period of time. ...
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Literature is a social document by analyzing which we can reach an outline for social situations of a given era. Islamic revolution era, has undergone so many developments and vicissitudes with regard to social conditions of Iranian people that has been reflected in the poetry of this period of time. In this paper, we have studied the social criticism reflected in the first to third decades of the Islamic revolution of Iran on this basis through discourse analysis method. In our research, we focused on which concerning the quiddity of the prevailing discourses on social criticism reflected in the three decades of Islamic revolution. We made interview with ten experts of the field to select distinguished social poets of each one of the three decades, and then, we picked up 5 poems of each selected poets that displayed social criticism more prominently. In general, 75 poems from the three decades of have been analyzed by the Practical Discourse Analysis Method (PDAM) and prevailing discourses on social criticism of each decade as well as development process of theses discourses have been reviewed and made clear. Summing up the analysis steps, six top discourses on social criticism reflected in poets’ poems of the three decades have been concluded in: criticism of social- moral erosion, criticism of social-cultural erosion, criticism of social-psychological erosion, criticism of social-economic erosion, criticism of social-religious erosion, and criticism of social-political erosion.
Roya Yazdanpanah; Shapour Behyan; Esmaeil Jahanbakhsh
Abstract
Social approval can be considered as a type of symbolic capital, which is one of the means for social growth during childhood, and incorporates the individual's inclination toward presenting an appropriate image of himself to others. Achievement of social approval has influenced and impacted all of the ...
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Social approval can be considered as a type of symbolic capital, which is one of the means for social growth during childhood, and incorporates the individual's inclination toward presenting an appropriate image of himself to others. Achievement of social approval has influenced and impacted all of the aspects of our lives and social behavior within both social relations and larger structures of social organizations. Social approval and its attainment leaves numerous effects on the members of the community, and leads to social freshness. Thus, study of the impactful factors on social approval can be highly useful and important. This article studies the impact of cultural capital and its aspects on social approval based on Pierre Bourdieu's manners and field theory. The statistical community of this study is the individuals from the 50s, 60s, and 70s generations (18-47 year olds) in the city of Tehran, out of which 400 individuals have been selected as samples for this research. Furthermore, the data needed for this study have been gathered via presentation of a questionnaire based on the field method. The analysis of data has been carried out based on SPSS and AMOS software. The results of the study manifested that there is a meaningful relationship and impact between cultural capital and its aspects with social approval. The outcomes of the structural model test show cultural capital leaves a direct impact on social approval (Beta: 0.62). Moreover, the cultural capital structure has managed to explain 38% of the changes of social approval structure.
Nematollah Fazeli
Abstract
This paper presents and formulates an approach on emotion or feeling changes in contemporary Iran. In the Introductory, I formulate a problematic approach to analyze emotions and feelings in Iran. In the second part, I introduce and explain the key theoretical concepts including Sociological Imagination, ...
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This paper presents and formulates an approach on emotion or feeling changes in contemporary Iran. In the Introductory, I formulate a problematic approach to analyze emotions and feelings in Iran. In the second part, I introduce and explain the key theoretical concepts including Sociological Imagination, the Complexity theory, the Cultural paradigm, the Structure of feelings, and Triple emotional patterns consisting of the Residual, Dominant, and the Emergent patterns. I draw these concepts from works of Raymond Williams, Edgar Morin, Alain Touraine and C. Right Mills. In the last part and the main body of the paper, I examine the Iranian contemporary structure of feelings according to the tripartite patterns and in each pattern I differentiate the main elements and features of the pattern explained. The general postulation of this study is that human feelings are social contractions and therefore all feelings are social and cultural. Accordingly, to examine and defamiliarize feeling we need to consider socio-historical contexts that would construct and change the feelings. This view is against “essentialist approach” which analyzes Iranians Based on a pattern of eternal and immutable emotions which is quite pervasive among the masses and ordinary people. Methodologically, this paper is a conceptual and cultural analysis to defamiliarize and problematize the Iranian contemporary feelings and emotions.
majid fouladiyan; hasan rezaeebahrabad
Abstract
Egocentricity is known as a historical feature in Iranian's collective psychology, but according to the theorist of this theory, such a feature exists in Iranian's community, even nowadays and its negative consequences are still unavoidable. Therefore, it makes sense to search for current scientific ...
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Egocentricity is known as a historical feature in Iranian's collective psychology, but according to the theorist of this theory, such a feature exists in Iranian's community, even nowadays and its negative consequences are still unavoidable. Therefore, it makes sense to search for current scientific methods in order to find effective factors in creating and existence of such a phenomenon as well as theorizing and evaluating its historical effects; because most of the contemporary historic failures in Iran can be related to this issue. Hence the main question of this research would be: What are effective factors in Iranians' Egocentricity? In order to answer this question, we have tried to get to a valid evaluation through the secondary analysis of data gathered in Tehran, and design and test a rhetoric model based on applied indexes in mentioned evaluation. The study population in this research has been1256 people who were chosen systematically. Results show that the Egocentricity in more than 15% of the interviewees has been too little or a little; more than 44% in average; and more than 40% too much or more. Also, the multiple correlation rates equaled 0.446, T square as 0.119, and justified rate as 0.196. It shows that about 20% of the Egocentricity variance is determined by current variables. The fatalism variable shows the highest effective rate as 0.276 and social alienating and powerlessness follow that respectively. All three mentioned variables (independent) have a positive significance in Egocentricity (dependent). It means that increasing each of the mentioned three variables will increase the level of Egocentricity in people.
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Volume 14, Issue 21 , May 2013, , Pages 7-28
Abstract
The representation of social problems in Iranian movies winning internatioal festivals awards including Cannes, Berlin & Venice film festivals has been studied. The sample is equal to population and includes 20 movies winning awards. Based on movies themes & stories, at %12/3 of the scenes, social ...
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The representation of social problems in Iranian movies winning internatioal festivals awards including Cannes, Berlin & Venice film festivals has been studied. The sample is equal to population and includes 20 movies winning awards. Based on movies themes & stories, at %12/3 of the scenes, social limits on women & teen girls, & at %6/6 of the scenes, social abnormalities have been represented. 13 of the movies are not related to social problems of Iran; 3 movies are related to social problems, 3 movies are related to social limits on women & 1 movie is focoused on illegal production of the music. The approach of 15 movies is critical- reformative & 3 of them are not critical- reformative. The elements of representing a dark image of Iran has been found in 3 movies too.
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Volume 13, Issue 20 , February 2013, , Pages 7-33
Abstract
Many of our beliefs and attitudes of the past to affect the role of the media, newspapers, magazines, framed together.create or remove a particular thought into it. The paper said the main question: What factors influenced by stereotypes and prejudices are formed? Which one means of communication (satellite, ...
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Many of our beliefs and attitudes of the past to affect the role of the media, newspapers, magazines, framed together.create or remove a particular thought into it. The paper said the main question: What factors influenced by stereotypes and prejudices are formed? Which one means of communication (satellite, internet, phone, TV, radio, press) in a certain mentality to promote ethnic and identity groups are more effective role? Inter- personal stereotype facilitate effective treatment, we act.Consequently, due to the extensive implications of these assumptions, analysis and evaluation of them is felt more than ever.
monireh rezai
Volume 14, Issue 22 , September 2013, , Pages 7-29
Abstract
The artistic and aesthetic dimensions are two aspects of being a human being which are developed through art education. This article aims at analyzing and evaluating current situation of such trainings in educational system of Iran. The weak and strong points of this system will be identified according ...
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The artistic and aesthetic dimensions are two aspects of being a human being which are developed through art education. This article aims at analyzing and evaluating current situation of such trainings in educational system of Iran. The weak and strong points of this system will be identified according to the main components of education. The challenges and solutions will also be discussed. Qualitative-analytic approach is used in this research. For gathering the data, the researcher has referred to deeds and documents in addition to research reports in the field. The findings show that there are lots of weak points in respect to managing system, supplying and educating the human resources, and curriculum development. At the end, main challenges are mentioned and some solutions will be offered.
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Volume 13, Issue 19 , October 2012, , Pages 7-53
Abstract
Formulating mass media code has been devoted a particular attention in the I.R. of Iran in recent years, to the extent that in Article 116 of the Fourth Development Plan and Article 10 of the Fifth Development Plan, the government has been urged to fulfill its duty in this regard. This article, while ...
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Formulating mass media code has been devoted a particular attention in the I.R. of Iran in recent years, to the extent that in Article 116 of the Fourth Development Plan and Article 10 of the Fifth Development Plan, the government has been urged to fulfill its duty in this regard. This article, while considering the status and significance of this code, tries to address three issues: 1. Is formulating this code necessary? 2. If positive, why then it is not yet carried out 7 years after the draft of the Fourth Development Plan? 3. By considering the necessity and feasibility of the code, what are the exigencies of it? The article recognizes the necessity of this endeavor and by enumerating the reasons behind the delay occurred in formulating the code has made some suggestions about drafting an effective and useful one.
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Volume 13, Issue 18 , September 2012, , Pages 7-34
Abstract
Although some research has been conducted on youth music trends in Iran in recent years, little has been done on underground music. This paper studies the explicit and implicit contents of underground lyrics. To do so, ten underground lyrics which were more popular at the time were selected and their ...
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Although some research has been conducted on youth music trends in Iran in recent years, little has been done on underground music. This paper studies the explicit and implicit contents of underground lyrics. To do so, ten underground lyrics which were more popular at the time were selected and their sociological contents and implications were identified by quantitative and qualitative content analysis.
The findings infer that the lyrics of underground music are most often critical towards socio-cultural situations of Iranian Society. Also, the underground music has potential to deal with public sphere issues.
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Volume 13, Issue 17 , May 2012, , Pages 7-44
Abstract
The present paper examines the relation between the level of watching TV and the score of religious, group and gender identities of people. The presented results were taken from a scientific study conducted at the IRIB research center by using two methods including analysis of contents and surveying. ...
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The present paper examines the relation between the level of watching TV and the score of religious, group and gender identities of people. The presented results were taken from a scientific study conducted at the IRIB research center by using two methods including analysis of contents and surveying. The studied statistical community in the contents analysis section included comic programs, TV serials and news. In the surveying section, people above 19 years old in 5 large cities of the country (presented in the methodology) were studied. In this paper, George Gerbner's Cultivation Theory is examined from the viewpoints of religious, group and gender issues based on the fact that repetition of TV programs has a cultivation effect on the minds of those who watch TV most of the times. The results of multivariable regression shows that although in some of the identity aspects in comedy, news and serial programs some messages were repeatedly broadcasted from IRIB and the watchers were exposed to those messages, the messages were beside other influential factors. The results further show that TV was an effective factor on the identity score of addresses in the studied level after other variables of social system. Moreover, despite Gerbner's theory, TV in Iran has no cultivation effete on the minds of the addresses and people influenced more by other variables of social system.
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Volume 12, Issue 14 , August 2011, , Pages 7-25
Abstract
Mass media in modern world have become one of the crucial elements which have affect not only economic and political aspects of life but cultural and social aspect of our life has been affected by them. National television in Iran has claimed to have an educational role as well as, Culture-Building for ...
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Mass media in modern world have become one of the crucial elements which have affect not only economic and political aspects of life but cultural and social aspect of our life has been affected by them. National television in Iran has claimed to have an educational role as well as, Culture-Building for the society. This paper explains how media can build and change different aspects of culture then we try to study how we can show the representation of family in the television contexts concerning with the importance of family.
Therefore at first the culture meaning is divided to three main categories such as: Fundamental beliefs, values, norms and behaviors; Then the function of media in each expressed categories have been studied concerning with The 20-Year Perspective Document. Finally, the results have indicated that for building and changing the culture specially at the level of the family, firstly some changes in Fundamental believes should be made then the values, norms and behaviors should be considered. Indeed planning fundamental believes should be at the base of this kind of pyramid.
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Volume 11, Issue 11 , November 2010, , Pages 7-43
Abstract
One of the serious issues which have been discussed these days in cultural field is the rate of study among Iranians. In such a way that in the beginning of 1387 the media also started to focus on this issue and thus they reported different rate of study inIran, from 2 minutes to 30. In order to clarify ...
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One of the serious issues which have been discussed these days in cultural field is the rate of study among Iranians. In such a way that in the beginning of 1387 the media also started to focus on this issue and thus they reported different rate of study inIran, from 2 minutes to 30. In order to clarify this issue and provide statistics which have used reliable scientific methods , in this article we have utilized two kind of survey with one topic named “Evaluation of studying between citizens in Tehran ” during 1378 and 1388 , the main conclusions in this case are presented : The rate of studying has been decreased in 1388 from 90 minutes in 24 hours to 76/1 percent. Also there was a very impressive decrease in studying publications such as newspapers and magazines. When we compare average of the rate of studying in 24 hours between married and single people there was notable decrease in studying in both group, in addition, unmarried (single) people study double when they compared with married people. Comparing average of rate of studying in 24 hours between educated people shows that the average has been decreased in1388 compared with 1387; people with higher education study more than people with low education. In this two years (1378 1nd 1388), most subjects which were studied by questioners have been religious issues, the rate of studying religious recourses in 1388 has been increased to 20/6, compared with the rate in1378 which was 15/6.
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Volume 11, Issue 10 , August 2010, , Pages 7-49
Abstract
Throughout the Islamic period of Iranian history before Safavid dynasty and for a short period of time Alebouyeh dynasty there were not any religious Shiite governments in this country. In fact, we can claim after 9 century from coming Islam to Iran, Islam became a dominant religion in Persia just when ...
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Throughout the Islamic period of Iranian history before Safavid dynasty and for a short period of time Alebouyeh dynasty there were not any religious Shiite governments in this country. In fact, we can claim after 9 century from coming Islam to Iran, Islam became a dominant religion in Persia just when safavid ruled the country. They revived national identity as well as ancient values, so they established school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire so they mixed Sufism with politics in Iran .the relation between Shi'a and Iranian culture was so strong. During this era religion played an important role in Iranian culture and Art. Indeed, ideological and social changes affected arts during safavid empire .Iranian artists in this era tried to show their religious point of view in their work especially their feeling for Prophet Mohammed and 12 saint Imams. They indicated their Shi'a point of view in their works. In this era the content of Linear text and painting in Iranian architecture as well as artifacts all indicate that Shi'a theology was the dominant thought among Iranian artist and people.
This paper try to resent dominant religion and religious element which is reflected in Persian carpet weaving, calligraphy and painting in this era and there is a historical look in this case .
Abbas keshavarz shokri; Mohsen Bayat; Khatereh Bakhshandeh
Volume 14, Issue 23 , December 2013, , Pages 7-29
Abstract
Cultural diplomacy can play an important role in improving the status of a country through imposing influence on perceptions, beliefs and identities of other countries’ people. Iran has some challenges in its cultural diplomacy in Middle East, although it has common cultural values and tenets with ...
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Cultural diplomacy can play an important role in improving the status of a country through imposing influence on perceptions, beliefs and identities of other countries’ people. Iran has some challenges in its cultural diplomacy in Middle East, although it has common cultural values and tenets with other countries in that region. The two important challenges for Iran’s culture diplomacy are the Shiite phobia and Iran phobia which have been propagated in the Middle East countries. In regarding to extension of communication tools between people and societies their communities and also change in the meaning of diplomacy, this paper argues that cultural diplomacy requires new tools and ways that will be informal, public, comprehensive and their audiences will be people , not states, of Middle East; usage of mass media and public diplomacy, cyber diplomacy, Persian language, common symbolization and notation are most modern ways and tools for Iran in order to increasing the efficiency of its cultural diplomacy.
Hamid Abdollahyan- Zahra Ojagh
Volume 14, Issue 24 , March 2014, , Pages 7-25
Abstract
This paper will examine the problematic of public science that scientific magazines in Iran set it to be their communication agenda. The problem, however, is that after 140 years of public science there is no solid evidence that can suggest they have been effective. To solve this problem, ...
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This paper will examine the problematic of public science that scientific magazines in Iran set it to be their communication agenda. The problem, however, is that after 140 years of public science there is no solid evidence that can suggest they have been effective. To solve this problem, this paper will apply and will address the concept of calling to audience by public scientific texts, as a process through which the producers of public scientific contents form the linguistic structure of their messages. This concept originates from a theoretical synthesis of two theories as follows: actor-network theory and theory of interactive science. Such concept consists of seven properties that can contribute to its explanatory merits as well as to operationalize measuring effectiveness. The significance of such conceptualization lies in its applicability in providing hard evidence through this research that can support solutions for effective communication when scientific contents are concerned. This is because such materials should reach the general public for consumption in everyday use.
Seyyed Mojtaba Razavi Tusi Sajjad Yahak; 00 00
Volume 15, Issue 25 , June 2014, , Pages 7-36
Abstract
The present paper is the result of a telephone survey, aiming at examining the attitude of 15 to 45 years citizens of Tehran towards music, focusing on a variety of available music. It has a sample size of 804 participants, and descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. ...
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The present paper is the result of a telephone survey, aiming at examining the attitude of 15 to 45 years citizens of Tehran towards music, focusing on a variety of available music. It has a sample size of 804 participants, and descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The results showed that 78.2% of 15 to 45 years citizens of Tehran were listeners to a variety of music. Among music listeners, 72.1% listened to “music with words”, 68.4% listened to “Iranian music” and 54.3% preferred “music videos”. 63.8% of them were interested in “Iranian pop music”, 52.6% preferred “Iranian music produced in Los Angeles”, 40.8% preferred “Iranian classical music”, 28.3% listened to “religious music”, 26.3% preferred “folklore music”, 19.4% were interested in “western music”, 19.3% were the lovers of “rap music”, 16.9% preferred “Iranian instrumental pop music”, 14.54% preferred “Iranian instrumental classical music”, 13.3% preferred “underground pop music”, 11.5% listened to “non-rock music”, 10.4% preferred “foreign classical music” and 4.6% listened to “foreign folk music” at high levels. 45.6% of music listeners cared about “content” and 19.5% of them cared about “rhythm”.
Jabbar Rahmani; Yasaman Farahzad
Volume 15, Issue 26 , December 2014, , Pages 7-30
Abstract
“City of women” has been Produce in 1988, by Ataollah Hayati, that indicate “Barf-e-chal” ritual in a fiction form. Ritual was represented in a dramatic form in this film. Due entering the rituals scope, folklore culture of real people and using some documentary films, I suggest ...
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“City of women” has been Produce in 1988, by Ataollah Hayati, that indicate “Barf-e-chal” ritual in a fiction form. Ritual was represented in a dramatic form in this film. Due entering the rituals scope, folklore culture of real people and using some documentary films, I suggest that we can classify this film in the category of “ Middle films”, the films that are not prepare to be Specially an “ethnographic film” but they mentioned to an ethnographic subject. So I will critic this film by the critical method of ethnographic films. It seems that Director did not pay attention to folk beliefs and represented the ritual in a trifle mode. It seems that he did not pay attention to importance of ethnographic researches before producing the film, as a result of this inattention, he couldnot to represent the real social context and ritual details, and because of his inattention to considering the context the film submits a large number of wrong data and false details about this ritual and this people .as well as this we can categorize this film in mockumentary genre. This genre borrows the documentary form elements to pretend that is representing a real event or any real subjects that is not true. So this essay is about how to critic a” middle film” by ethnographic critical methods and importance of considering the right genre of a film before critic.
Volume 15, Issue 27 , February 2014, , Pages 7-36
Abstract
Cybernetic social networks have created a new situation in human life And since this is religion in all aspects of life, the rules of conduct religious activities in the social network perspective reproduce.System of normative behavior in Iran after the Islamic Revolution and the Islamic civilization ...
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Cybernetic social networks have created a new situation in human life And since this is religion in all aspects of life, the rules of conduct religious activities in the social network perspective reproduce.System of normative behavior in Iran after the Islamic Revolution and the Islamic civilization claim determination religious practices at all levels of public life is essential. This paper focuses on the Islamic values of modesty, as a manifestation of Islamic values, and this article attempts to religious dimensions in legal and ethical dimensions, Theories of computer-mediated communication and human relations (attractions, perception management and social influence) to examine Combining the three methods and the tradition of qualitative research, focus groups, depth interviews and participatory and non-participatory observation Fyfanh begun to explore how social networks are discussed. This paper focuses on the Islamic values of modesty, as a manifestation of Islamic values, and this article attempts to religious dimensions in legal and ethical dimensions, Theories of computer-mediated communication and human relations (attractions, perception management and social influence) to examine Combining the three methods and the tradition of qualitative research, focus groups, depth interviews and participatory and non-participatory observation Fyfanh begun to explore how social networks are discussed.
naser bahonar; Ramin Chaboki Darzabi
Volume 15, Issue 28 , March 2015, , Pages 7-34
Abstract
With the development of media, the world has begun to entering a new phase in which media has become one of the main components of human societies in addition to taking steps toward evolution and diversification. The range of audience accessibility to media, using capability and at the same time ...
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With the development of media, the world has begun to entering a new phase in which media has become one of the main components of human societies in addition to taking steps toward evolution and diversification. The range of audience accessibility to media, using capability and at the same time maintaining independence of mind and thought, avoiding passiveness, enjoying critical thinking, increasing selection ability, selecting to confront this complex and universal process and finally producing communicative messages via media literacy evolution and development has been perceived obtainable. If we assume media literacy as the relationship regulatory science between audience and media based on internalized norms, then we should not neglect its position in countries' media policies. To analyze these policies, several models have been proposed among which EC model is the most comprehensive. The model suggests four components of access, use, critical understanding and relational production in the field of media literacy. In the present research, documents of Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution Organization have been analyzed as the most important policy- maker organ in the Islamic Republic. The research results indicate that a great deal of attention in documents has been paid to use and access components and little attention has been paid to critical understanding and communicative ability components. The interesting point in the documents is using terms such as electronic literacy, information literacy, and digital literacy and not using media literacy.
Seyed Javad Salehi; Barzin Zarghami; Fatemeh Pour ghassem
Volume 16, Issue 29 , June 2015, , Pages 7-33
Abstract
This research being implemented based on assessment of visitors satisfaction from 22nd international Quran exhibition which being considered within descriptive –surveying groups in information classification approach. Statistical society includes visitors which being used as sample ...
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This research being implemented based on assessment of visitors satisfaction from 22nd international Quran exhibition which being considered within descriptive –surveying groups in information classification approach. Statistical society includes visitors which being used as sample method because of large crowded of visitors in exhibition hall (approximately 4242 persons). Empirical methods proof its reliability amongst some university professors and its validity through Cornbrash’s \ alpha. The result represents that average satisfactions is intermediate to high among universities, internationals, written texts, ceremonies, Childs and adolescents, Islamic council, digital media , fine art, scientific sector, female sector, public relation, education and Quran writer According result, visitors were satisfied from Quran culture, Quran reciting development, moreover the booth guide and size was suitable meanwhile the time and date was appropriate but the publicity and the Varity of product was low to intermediate in exhibition hall.
Hassan Zolfaghari; Bahador Bagheri
Volume 16, Issue 30 , December 2015, , Pages 7-39
Abstract
Legend is a tale with an imaginary event of the life of the human, animals, birds, illusory creatures like demon, giants, fairy and dragon which accompanies by mysteries and sometimes the ethical and deductive aims and mostly is being written for reader’s entertainment and recreation. The differentiation ...
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Legend is a tale with an imaginary event of the life of the human, animals, birds, illusory creatures like demon, giants, fairy and dragon which accompanies by mysteries and sometimes the ethical and deductive aims and mostly is being written for reader’s entertainment and recreation. The differentiation of the legends is powerful imagination and being exaggerated. There are several kinds of legends like allegorical, fairy, romantic and heroic ones. In this paper while defining the heroic legends, we become acquainted with the characteristics of this genre like marvel, weak plot, absolutism, mainstreaming, stagnation of hypothetical time and place, homology of characters, Surprising, independence of events and obsolescence. Final section speaks about the most important themes of these kinds of tales. The method of this paper is reading the 23 written legends and using them as examples and the aim of paper is showing the detailed characteristic of heroic legends to compare them with other kinds of legends.
Khadijeh Hajiyan
Volume 16, Issue 31 , December 2016, , Pages 7-38
Abstract
Throughout the history, wars have many wanted and unwanted consequences which have great impact on the present and future situation of conflict society and its surrounding areas. Among them displacement, Immigration and mass Refugee, deploy and prevalence of Violence culture and extremism, culture and ...
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Throughout the history, wars have many wanted and unwanted consequences which have great impact on the present and future situation of conflict society and its surrounding areas. Among them displacement, Immigration and mass Refugee, deploy and prevalence of Violence culture and extremism, culture and civilization monument destruction, serious threat to the family, social solidarity and degradation of collective identity reduction, by increasing divisions ethnic and religious divisions and also cultural and social disorders and constructed false identities and so on can be mentioned. Raiding on Iraq and occupying this country was no exception. It has had many cultural and social consequences which has subjected Iraq under too many social and cultural damages and Disruptions. All of them were resulted from violence, insecurity and instability caused by the war and the occupation of the country, while news about the cultural consequences of the occupation, often have been focused on Ancient relics destruction and looting of the country and less has been said about another dimensions of occupation. This paper after discussing cultural consequences regarding to the issue of identity and positive impact on Iraqi culture in new law of the country, attempts to present a proper assessment of the cultural consequences of the occupation of the country. At last the question of the research, what have been the cultural consequences of the occupation, would be answered.
Nahid Hekmat Moayed
Volume 16, Issue 32 , March 2016, , Pages 7-31
Abstract
Bourdieu ‘s concept of Distinction is the starting point of studying life styles in Tehran. The main question is which trends do life styles in Tehran fallow: Distinction or uniformity? Trying to answer this question, The material and non material manifestations of culture have been considered. ...
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Bourdieu ‘s concept of Distinction is the starting point of studying life styles in Tehran. The main question is which trends do life styles in Tehran fallow: Distinction or uniformity? Trying to answer this question, The material and non material manifestations of culture have been considered. The material elements like food, clothing and housing and the non material elements like social interactions, art, literature, music and poetry have been studied. The method of research is quantitative in which 300 respondants heterogenes according to some social variables like age, gender, education, occupation income and place of residence were questioned. A questionnaire was completed by respondants through out Tehran. The research utilized descriptive and analytic statistics like cluster analysis. The findings indicate that Uniformity in lifestyles is more prevalent dispite heterogeneity.
Jamal Mohammadi; Omid Jahangiri; Yusef Pakdaman
Abstract
This article attempts to study the contexts, reasons and consequences of feeling insecurity among women in urban public places. The field of study is urban public places in Sanandaj. A sample is selected by theoretical-purposes sampling and they were interviewed by way of deep individual interviews. ...
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This article attempts to study the contexts, reasons and consequences of feeling insecurity among women in urban public places. The field of study is urban public places in Sanandaj. A sample is selected by theoretical-purposes sampling and they were interviewed by way of deep individual interviews. The findings show that feeling insecurity among women in urban public places is due to causes like “structural tensions” and “sociofobia” as well as circumstances such as “violent places” and “self-representation”. Women also believe that their insecurity feelings are amplified by specific reasons and motivations visible in men words, behaviors and gestures. The most important of these reasons/motivations are: "appetence of relation" & "Frustration/aggression". This Insecurity feeling of women has individual and collective consequences that made them to adopt "Precautionary actions", such as secrecy and silence. These insecurity feelings are also visible in social level
