پژوهشگاه فرهنگ، هنر و ارتباطاتفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فرهنگ - ارتباطات2008-8760277320260421Representation of the Ukraine-Russia War News in News Networks (Narrative of BBC Persian and RT News Networks)بازنمایی اخبار جنگ اوکراین و روسیه در شبکههای خبری (روایت شبکههای خبری بیبیسی فارسی و راشا تودی)93924094210.22083/jccs.2026.505265.4005FAراضیهشیروانی دستگردیکارشناسی ارشد علوم ارتباطات اجتماعی، دانشکده ارتباطات، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).
raziyeshirvanidastgerdi@gmail.com0009-0001-6818-2539اردشیرزابلی زادهدانشیار گروه ژورنالیسم، دانشکده ارتباطات و رسانه، دانشگاه صداوسیما، تهران، ایران. azmmf9432@gmail.com0009-0004-6308-3752Journal Article20251211Introduction: The war between Ukraine and Russia, which began in February 2022, constitutes a significant geopolitical event, not only due to its strategic implications but also because of the unprecedented volume of international media coverage. This coverage has created a competitive arena in which various actors pursue political, ideological, and informational objectives through news networks. In the information age, characterized by widespread access to real-time reporting, the representation and framing of events by media outlets play a critical role in shaping public opinion, influencing international discourse, and potentially affecting states’ foreign policies. This study, through a comparative analysis of two news channels—BBC Persian and RT (formerly Russia Today)—examines their distinct representations and narrative constructions of the Ukraine-Russia war, identifying fundamental differences in their media approaches. The significance of this research lies in understanding how government-affiliated or ideologically oriented media influence public perception regarding an international conflict.<br>Methods: This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing narrative analysis and framing theory to examine the news content of BBC Persian and RT. Narrative analysis enables the identification of the stories constructed by media outlets about the war, including their narrative structures, characterizations, and implicit messages. Framing theory serves as an analytical tool for identifying how media outlets select and emphasize certain aspects of reality while downplaying others, thereby shaping audience understanding of an event. Sampling was purposive, focusing on sensitive and pivotal periods of the war. The sample comprised 28 news days from four specific weeks between February 2022 (the onset of Russia’s full-scale invasion) and late 2023. This extended timeframe and selection of critical periods allowed for the examination of media developments and responses across various stages of the conflict. The selected samples included coverage of key events, enabling an extensive analysis of both textual and visual data. The data were systematically coded and categorized to identify specific framing patterns and narrative elements in the coverage of both channels.<br>Results: The findings indicate significant differences in the narrative construction and framing approaches of BBC Persian and RT concerning the Ukraine-Russia war. RT primarily emphasized specific frames. In its coverage, RT focused on a “foreign policy” frame, portraying the war as a direct consequence of the actions and decisions of Western countries—particularly NATO and the United States—allegedly threatening Russia’s security. Additionally, a “war” frame was prominent, emphasizing the military dimensions of Russia’s “special military operation” and frequently reporting Russian military successes and the “liberation” of certain areas. Another key frame was “attribution of responsibility,” which attributed the initiation and continuation of the war to Ukraine and its government. The primary objective of this frame was to reinforce the official Russian government narrative and legitimize its military actions, clearly presenting Ukraine as the provocateur and principal responsible party. Conversely, BBC Persian adopted a different approach. The channel focused on a “human interest” frame (popular movements and resistance), highlighting the resilience of the Ukrainian people, national unity, and international solidarity against the Russian invasion. Attention to civilians and their plight underscored the human dimensions of the catastrophe. Moreover, the “foreign policy” frame was also prominent on BBC Persian but with a different orientation, focusing on the condemnation of Russia’s actions, violations of international law, and alleged war crimes. BBC Persian consistently reported on infrastructure destruction, displacement of populations, and accusations against the Russian military, reflecting a pro-Ukrainian and anti-Russian stance.<br>Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that the differences in framing the Ukraine war by BBC Persian and RT are not merely the result of divergent interpretations of events. Rather, they reflect fundamentally contrasting and purposeful media policies employed by each channel to shape public opinion regarding the conflict. RT mirrored the Russian state narrative, seeking to justify Russia’s military operations and attribute responsibility for the war to Ukraine and the West. In contrast, BBC Persian advanced a Western, pro-Ukrainian narrative, emphasizing the human consequences of the war. These framing differences likely influence not only audiences’ understanding of the factual dimensions of the conflict but also their attitudes, beliefs, and potential reactions. This research underscores the importance of critically analyzing news sources and illustrates how media, by selecting and emphasizing certain aspects of reality while omitting others, can function as a powerful tool for directing public opinion in international conflicts.جنگ بین اوکراین و روسیه شاهد پوشش رسانهای گستردهای بوده و بازیگران مختلف از بسترهای رسانهای، برای پیشبرد اهداف خود از آن استفاده کردهاند. این پژوهش، باهدف بازنمایی اخبار جنگ اوکراین و روسیه در شبکههای خبری بیبیسی فارسی و شبکه خبری راشاتودی صورت گرفته است. روش این پژوهش تحلیل روایت اخبار جنگ اوکراین و روسیه است. در این شبکههای خبری و با بهرهگیری از نظریه تحلیل روایت و چارچوببندی انجام شده است. روش نمونهگیری بهصورت هدفمند و متشکل از یک سال خبری (چهار هفته آماری و 28 روز خبری) از سال 2021 تا 2023 میباشد و یک بسته خبری را تشکیل میدهد. روش تجزیهوتحلیل اطلاعات بهوسیلۀ دادههای متنی و تصویری بهمنظور شناسایی الگوها، مضامین و معانی درون محتوا استفاده شده است. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد روایت مربوط به درگیری در این دو شبکه متفاوت است. شبکه خبری راشاتودی با تمرکز بر چارچوبهای «سیاست خارجی»، «جنگ» و «نسبت دادن مسئولیت» سعی در نمایش اقتدار روسیه و جنگ در جهت حمایت از مردم داشته است؛ درحالیکه بیبیسی فارسی تمرکز خود را بر روی جنبشها، خیزشهای مردمی و انتقادها به نفع اوکراین گذاشته است. شبکه خبری روسیه، به چارچوبهای «نسبت دادن مسئولیت» و «علائق انسانی» بیشتر از دیگر چارچوبها و شبکه خبری روسیه به «چارچوب سیاست خارجی» و «چارچوب جنگ» بیشتر از دیگر چارچوبها توجه نشان دادهاند.https://www.jccs.ir/article_240942_5fa92ec270c1c9d9740d0badd6b61569.pdfپژوهشگاه فرهنگ، هنر و ارتباطاتفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فرهنگ - ارتباطات2008-8760277320260421Living Against Occupation: A Phenomenology of Everyday Palestinian Resistance to Occupying Dominanceزندگی در برابر اشغال؛ پدیدارشناسی مقاومت روزمرۀ فلسطینیان در برابر سلطۀ اشغالگران416523357310.22083/jccs.2025.509717.4076FAعلیاسکندری ندافدانشجوی دکتری دانش اجتماعی مسلمین دانشگاه تهران، عضو گروه مطالعات اجتماعی پژوهشکده تبلیغ و مطالعات اسلامی
باقرالعلوم (ع)، قم، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول). ali.eskandari.n@ut.ac.ir0009-0000-3642-1729محمدصادقکربلایی زادهدانشجوی دکتری جامعهشناسی دانشگاه تهران، عضو گروه مطالعات اجتماعی پژوهشکده تبلیغ و مطالعات اسلامی باقرالعلوم (ع)، قم، ایران. m.karbalaeizadeh@ut.ac.ir0000-0002-7830-830Xمجتبینامخواهدانشجوی دکتری دانش اجتماعی مسلمین دانشگاه باقرالعلوم، مدیرگروه مطالعات اجتماعی پژوهشکده تبلیغ و مطالعات اسلامی باقرالعلوم (ع)، قم، ایران. namkhahmojtaba@gmail.comJournal Article20250723Introduction: The conflict between Palestinians and Israeli occupying forces constitutes one of the most significant struggles in the contemporary world. Contemporary events represent a continuation of a violent, organized process that began in 1948, aimed at replacing the indigenous Palestinian population with Jewish settlers through expulsion, the destruction of communities, and the erasure of culture and identity. This settler-colonial project involves sustained structural and systematic violence. Palestinian resistance against this form of genocide and ethnic cleansing over several decades has created a distinctive phenomenon. As the Israeli occupation permeates every aspect of daily life, the arena of resistance has similarly expanded beyond armed confrontation into the realm of the everyday. This article seeks to assemble the lived experiences of Palestinians to understand this distinct dimension of resistance through the lens of daily life.<br>Methods: This study employed a qualitative and phenomenological approach, focusing on the commonalities of Palestinian lived experience, to understand the essence of everyday resistance from the participants’ perspective and to provide a rich, detailed description of this phenomenon. The aim was to access the meaning of their lifeworld and their experience of it, thereby achieving a deep understanding of the phenomenon. Phenomenological research emphasizes the importance of investigating the lifeworld, encompassing social realities exactly as they are experienced in daily life; it therefore necessitates a return to the direct, pre-theoretical experience of phenomena. Accordingly, this study collected data describing this experience directly. To this end, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a number of Palestinians present at the Rafah border and in a Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon. Furthermore, the data were supplemented by reference to existing interviews in sources that address the narration of Palestinian everyday life. Finally, the data were qualitatively coded and analyzed within a phenomenological framework.<br>Results: According to the findings, the lived experience of Palestinians under Israeli occupation is shaped by a dual structure of domination and resistance. The mechanisms of domination include the persistent induction of fear and intimidation, systematic humiliation in everyday life, psychological suffering, and pervasive anxiety over ordinary activities—all of which serve to exhaust Palestinians and pressure them to abandon their land. These effects are institutionalized through two primary tools: military checkpoints, which function as sites of discipline and degradation, and a complex bureaucratic permit system that restricts movement and construction, effectively suspending normal life. In response, Palestinians cultivate sources of resilience that make life not only possible but meaningful. These include maintaining hope and aspirations, transforming the fear of death into an acceptance of martyrdom, nurturing a deep attachment to their homeland, and finding meaning and satisfaction in acts of resistance. Key strategies of this resistance are integrating the struggle into everyday routines, where survival itself becomes an act of resistance; fostering social solidarity rooted in shared suffering; educating children with the core value of resistance; and the unwavering decision to remain on their land despite repeated displacement. Ultimately, Palestinian resistance emerges as a profound, life-affirming response to domination—an enduring expression of agency, identity, and hope woven into the fabric of everyday life.<br>Discussion: The Palestinian struggle against Israeli settler-colonialism has persisted for nearly a century. From a sociological perspective, examining the mechanisms and tools of domination alongside the corresponding strategies and sources of Palestinian resistance is both essential and illuminating. This study, by focusing on the lived experience of resistance in the everyday lives of Palestinians, aims to identify and understand these mechanisms and strategies of both domination and resistance. The most significant mechanisms of domination in Palestinian life are the instillation of fear and intimidation, systematic humiliation, the infliction of psychological suffering and pressure, and the creation of pervasive anxiety in daily life. These are primarily enforced through two key instruments: military checkpoints, which serve as sites of control and degradation, and a complex bureaucratic permit system that restricts movement and construction, thereby disrupting normal life. In contrast, Palestinians have not been passive. Their enduring resistance over decades has generated its own strategies and institutional foundations. The key sources of resistance against domination include sustaining hope and aspiration, the embrace of death and martyrdom, love for the homeland, and finding meaning in resistance. These are established and strengthened through tangible practices. The most important of these is the integration of struggle into daily life. The act of living itself, the creation of new modes of existence through the fusion of life and resistance, and even transforming everyday tasks such as cooking and serving food into expressions of defiance have become powerful strategies to wear down and frustrate the occupiers. This fusion of life and resistance stands out as one of the most effective approaches Palestinians have developed to confront the occupation. Moreover, fostering social solidarity, instilling the values of resistance through the education and upbringing of children, and steadfastly remaining on the land despite repeated displacement are vital strategies in the Palestinian repertoire of resistance. Among these, the unwavering commitment to remain rooted in their land, the adaptation of daily life to the realities of occupation, and-most significantly-the transformation of everyday existence into a form of resistance emerges as the most vital mechanisms for counteracting the objectives of the occupiers.مناقشه اسرائیل- فلسطین از طولانیترین مناقشات میان اشغالگران و بومیان است. یکی از راههای مهم شناخت چگونگی اعمال اشغال و سازوکارهای مقاومت در برابر آن، تلاش برای فهم این موضوع از منظر تجربه زیسته زندگی روزمرۀ فلسطینیها است. بدین منظور سعی شد در این مقاله از طریق مطالعه پدیدارشناسانه تجربۀ زیسته مقاومت از منظر فلسطینیان به این فهم نزدیک شویم. برای گردآوری دادهها از مصاحبهها و گزارشهای موجود در روایت زندگی روزمرۀ آنها استفاده شد. پسازآن، تجارب زیستۀ بیانشده حول دو پدیدۀ اشغال و مقاومت بررسی شد. در بخش اول سازوکارهای سلطه و ابزارهای اعمال آن احصا گشت. سازوکارهای سلطه عبارت بودند از: القای ترس و ارعاب، تحقیر در زیست روزمره، اعمال رنج و فشار روحی و نگرانی از زیست معمول و طبیعی. مهمترین ابزارهای اعمال سلطه نیز ایستبازرسی، بروکراسی و سازوکارهای مجوزدهی بودند. در بخش دوم به مقاومت در برابر سلطه پرداخته شد. محرکهای مقاومت در برابر سلطه عبارت بودند از: امیدواری و آرزومندی، شهادتطلبی و پذیرندگی مرگ، حب به وطن و لذت از مقاومت. همچنین راهبردهای اجتماعی مقاومت در برابر سلطه عبارت بود از: پیوند میان مبارزه و زندگی روزمره، تقویت همبستگی اجتماعی، نهادینهسازی مقاومت در تربیت کودکان و نیز ایستادگی بهرغم آوارگیهای مکرر.https://www.jccs.ir/article_233573_4d5231d426c448e88ac1ba63612fc60d.pdfپژوهشگاه فرهنگ، هنر و ارتباطاتفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فرهنگ - ارتباطات2008-8760277320260421Sociological Evaluation of the Document of the Basic Islamic Iranian Model of Progress: From the Perspective of Goals and Approachesارزیابی جامعهشناختی سند الگوی پایه اسلامی ایرانی پیشرفت؛ از منظر اهداف و رویکردها6710622979110.22083/jccs.2025.500658.3997FAحسینکچویاندانشیار جامعهشناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. kachoian@ut.ac.ir0000-0002-1124-2633اسماعیلنوده فراهانیدانشجوی دکتری جامعهشناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).
Farahani.es@gmail.com0000-0002-2688-3935Journal Article20250321Introduction: The article examines the foundational document of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress. The question regarding expectations from such a model plays a significant role in assessing its quality, as the primary purpose of drafting such documents is to fill theoretical gaps in the country’s development discourse. From this perspective, the core assumption behind preparing this document is the failure to achieve certain societal goals in Iran over past decades, despite the partial implementation of conventional development models. Moreover, the new document must present innovative perspectives in relation to previous upstream documents and cannot merely repeat or affirm prior knowledge. Instead, its problem-solving and creative approaches should be assessable and reliable, especially when compared to the national vision document for the twenty-year horizon (2005–2025). Additionally, the document must clarify its stance in relation to the 2030 Agenda. <br>Methods: Document analysis and comparative analysis methods have been used to address the aforementioned questions. Accordingly, reference to domestic and foreign documents related to long-term perspectives and conventional development has been considered through the method of document analysis. While the matching of the claims and assumptions of the document about the process of emergence of the modern Islamic civilization with the experience of the emergence of modern civilization as well as pre-modern civilizations has been carried out through comparative analysis.<br>Findings: The findings show that the proposed model pays limited attention to the historical formation of Western civilization and pre-modern civilizations. It leans somewhat toward economic liberalism and methodological individualism. Despite emphasizing Islamic foundations, it lacks a coherent internal and external logic to realize its stated goals. It shows no significant difference from similar domestic documents and fails to adopt a clear position regarding external frameworks. Consequently, it is unlikely to meet existing expectations. Given these premises, it appears that if the driving force behind the 2030 Agenda is the concept of “equality,” then in the Islamic-Iranian model of progress, this role is attributed to the idea of “justice.” However, this justice -paradoxically- is expected to be realized through the application of methodological individualism and economic liberalism. Meanwhile, employing such an approach in the economic domain inevitably transforms other social spheres, whether intentionally or not. Consequently, pursuing foundational principles and ideals through a free-market system seems unattainable, as this framework entails specific implications among them, the transformation of economic capital into the primary source of virtue production and the determinant of individuals’ social status. Therefore, as observed, this article evaluated the progress document from various angles and concluded that the document failed to provide the necessary quality.مقاله به بررسی سند الگوی پایه اسلامی ایرانی پیشرفت میپردازد. پرسش درباره انتظارات از چنین الگویی، نقش بسزایی در ارزیابی کیفیت آن دارد؛ چراکه مهمترین قصد نگارش اینگونه اسناد پرکردن خلاءهای نظری کشور در حوزه پیشرفت است. از این منظر، پیشفرض اصلی تهیه این سند، عدم تحقق برخی مقاصد جامعه ایران طی ادوار گذشته بهرغم اجرای نسبی الگوهای مرسوم توسعه است. بعلاوه، سند جدید باید دیدگاههای نوینی در نسبت با اسناد بالادستی گذشته پیشِ روی جامعه قرار دهد و نمیتواند به تکرار و تأیید دانستههای پیشین بسنده نماید، بلکه میبایست، رویکردهای گرهگشا و خلاقانه آن در مقایسه با سند چشمانداز کشور در افق بیستساله (1384-1404) قابل ارزیابی و اتکا باشد. همچنین، سند باید بتواند نسبت خود را با سند 2030 روشن نماید. پیگیری پرسشهای مذکور که با استفاده از روشهای تحلیل اسنادی و تحلیل تطبیقی صورت گرفته است، نشان میدهد سند مذکور نسبت به تجربه شکلگیری تمدن غربی و تمدنهای پیشامدرن عنایت چندانی ندارد تا حدودی به جانب لیبرالیسم اقتصادی و فردگرایی روششناختی متمایل شده است، بهرغم تأکید بر مبانی اسلامی فاقد منطق درونی و بیرونی منسجم برای تحقق اهداف اعلامشده است، تفاوت قابل توجهی نسبت به اسناد مشابه داخلی نداشته و موضع دقیقی در قبال اسناد بیرونی اتخاذ نکرده است و درنتیجه از تأمین انتظارات موجود ناکام خواهد ماند.https://www.jccs.ir/article_229791_ec4b7945e2f8d0fdd4cd75e2587b087d.pdfپژوهشگاه فرهنگ، هنر و ارتباطاتفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فرهنگ - ارتباطات2008-8760277320260421Promoting Cultural Diplomacy through Parliamentary Assemblies: A Case Study of the European Union and Its Feasibility in Iranترویج دیپلماسی فرهنگی از طریق مجامع پارلمانی: مطالعه موردی اتحادیه اروپا و امکانسنجی آن در ایران10715222805210.22083/jccs.2025.494688.4002FAشهیرهنوذریدانشجوی دکتری گروه مطالعات منطقهای دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران،تهران، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول)
Shahireh_nozari@ut.ac.ir0009-0006-5248-6948محمدرضامجیدیدانشیار گروه مطالعات منطقهای، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. mmajidi@ut.ac.ir0000-0001-6801-9136Journal Article20250204Introduction: Amidst the expanding significance of cultural diplomacy in international relations, parliamentary assemblies have emerged as critical intermediaries bridging governments, civil societies, and citizens. This study examines the European Union, illustrating how the European Parliament, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and various inter-parliamentary conferences have effectively harnessed innovative cultural mechanisms—such as the Lux Prize, the European Year of Cultural Heritage, and strategic partnerships with UNESCO and the Goethe-Institut—to foster intercultural dialogue, bolster soft power, and enhance transnational cultural engagement. While these bodies have successfully leveraged established institutional frameworks to institutionalize cultural diplomacy, a SWOT analysis indicates that even these models encounter significant challenges, including financial constraints, limited public participation, and top-down approaches, thereby necessitating a critical re-evaluation of their transferability. Consequently, the primary objectives of this research are to scrutinize the role of EU parliamentary assemblies in promoting and implementing cultural diplomacy, to identify key initiatives that have advanced cultural understanding and cooperation among member states and external partners, to analyze the challenges and opportunities inherent in these parliamentary bodies’ diplomatic efforts, and to propose actionable strategies for adapting European experiences to the specific realities of the Islamic Republic of Iran, thereby leveraging parliamentary assemblies to advance cultural diplomacy within the Iranian context.<br>Method: Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative case study approach grounded in the theoretical frameworks of Cummings (2003) and Visglaas & De Boer (2007), with a temporal scope extending from the early 21st century to the present. Data collection is conducted through systematic document analysis of academic literature, government reports, policy documents, diplomatic speeches, parliamentary records, and inter-parliamentary meeting minutes. Additionally, a SWOT analysis is employed as a strategic planning instrument to evaluate the internal and external factors influencing the efficacy of cultural diplomacy strategies in both the EU and Iran.<br>Findings: The study reveals fundamental institutional differences between Iran and the European Union that necessitate careful adaptation of European experiences. Structural differences are evident, as decision-making power in Iran regarding foreign and cultural policy is heavily concentrated within executive and security bodies, significantly limiting the legislative branch’s role. In contrast, the EU’s decentralized, multi-layered structure actively empowers the European Parliament and related bodies in formulating and executing external cultural policies. Furthermore, a significant gap exists between the organized, active role of European civil society and citizens in cultural policy-making versus the situation in Iran. Financial and institutional constraints also pose challenges; the heavy reliance on state budgets, limited financial resources, and a lack of institutional independence hinder the institutionalization of parliamentary-led cultural diplomacy in Iran. Additionally, the absence of a cohesive party system in the Iranian Parliament, compared to the active party structures in the EU, negatively impacts the coherence and sustainability of long-term cultural programs. A feasibility analysis suggests that Iran’s centralized decision-making apparatus, the absence of a responsive party system, and deficient strategic planning render effective parliamentary cultural diplomacy more arduous than in the European model. Consequently, the lack of a comprehensive institutional framework and the predominantly symbolic character of existing parliamentary friendship groups have resulted in the underutilization of the Iranian Parliament’s potential for international cultural engagement. Nevertheless, the European experience provides valuable insights. Shared cultural and diplomatic foundations facilitate targeted, localized adaptation. Iran holds significant potential to harness cultural diplomacy as a soft power instrument, underpinned by its ancient civilization, rich cultural diversity, and multifaceted ethnic, religious, and linguistic composition. These assets offer a robust foundation for fostering regional and international cultural interactions through strategic parliamentary initiatives.<br>Conclusion: Notwithstanding institutional disparities, shared cultural and diplomatic foundations facilitate the targeted, localized adaptation of European parliamentary models. In light of recent challenges to Iran’s international image, the Parliament is uniquely positioned to reconstruct the nation’s global identity and advance indigenous cultural narratives, thereby transitioning foreign policy from state-centric exclusivity toward a people-centered paradigm. To achieve this, four strategic recommendations are proposed: first, formulating a comprehensive “Parliamentary Cultural Diplomacy Strategy” through collaboration among the Islamic Consultative Assembly, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Organization for Islamic Culture and Relations, and academic institutions; second, establishing specialized cultural working groups within parliamentary committees to facilitate cooperation with aligned nations through joint initiatives and cultural memorandums of understanding; third, capacity building and strategic resource allocation, including specialized training for MPs on cultural diplomacy, dedicated budgets for cultural exchange projects, modern communication technologies, and increased participation in regional parliamentary assemblies; and fourth, developing a localized model of Iranian parliamentary cultural diplomacy based on creative adaptation rather than direct replication, aligning international best practices with local cultural, political, and institutional contexts. In conclusion, by adopting European experiences through a critical, comparative lens rather than mere imitation, Iran can harness parliamentary cultural diplomacy as a novel instrument to augment soft power, reconstruct its international image, and foster more effective global engagement.دیپلماسی فرهنگی از جنبههای کلیدی روابط بینالملل است که از طریق تسهیل تبادل ایدهها، ارزشها و عناصر فرهنگی میان ملتها، درک و همکاری متقابل را ارتقا میدهد. در این میان، دیپلماسی پارلمانی از طریق مجامع پارلمانی نقش مهمی در پیشبرد اهداف فرهنگی ایفا میکند. این پژوهش باهدف بررسی چگونگی کمک مجامع پارلمانی اتحادیه اروپا به ارتقای دیپلماسی فرهنگی، به تحلیل ابتکاراتی چون جایزه لوکس، سال میراثفرهنگی اروپا و همکاری این مجامع با نهادهای فرهنگی بینالمللی میپردازد. برای بررسی این موضوع از نظریات کامینگز، ویسگلاس، دی بوئر و برای تجزیهوتحلیل اطلاعات از روش سوآت استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد که مجامع پارلمانی بهواسطۀ چارچوبهای ساختاری و مشارکتهای راهبردی خود، توانستهاند بسترهایی برای گفتوگوی بینافرهنگی و تقویت قدرت نرم ایجاد کنند. بااینحال، چالشهایی نظیر محدودیت منابع، مشارکت عمومی محدود و رویکردهای از بالابهپایین نیز شناسایی شدند. تحلیل پژوهش بیانگر آن است که دیپلماسی فرهنگی اتحادیه اروپا در تقاطع ابتکارات پارلمانی و دیپلماسی جهانی فرصتهای قابلتوجهی برای ارتقای تعاملات فرهنگی و تقویت همکاری بینالمللی فراهم نموده است. از همین رو، این مطالعه پیشنهاد میکند که جمهوری اسلامی ایران با الهام از تجربیات اتحادیه اروپا، چارچوبی منسجم برای بهرهگیری از ظرفیت دیپلماسی پارلمانی در راستای تقویت و ترویج دیپلماسی فرهنگی تدوین نماید.https://www.jccs.ir/article_228052_d404554db2c7ee769bdcd1a1902de7dd.pdfپژوهشگاه فرهنگ، هنر و ارتباطاتفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فرهنگ - ارتباطات2008-8760277320260421The Potential of the Superhero Subgenre in Animation for Children’s Moral Education: A Case Study of PJ Masksقابلیت زیرژانر ابرقهرمانی در انیمیشن برای تعلیموتربیت اخلاقی کودکان: مطالعه موردیِ مجموعه گروه شبنقاب15318622499910.22083/jccs.2025.506544.4008FAمحسنکرمیاستادیار، گروه هنرهای رسانهای، دانشکده دین و رسانه، دانشگاه صداوسیما، تهران، ایران. mohsenkarami@iribu.ac.ir0000-0003-3669-1029Journal Article20250214Introduction: In today’s world, animations play a significant role in the socialization process of children. This study, using qualitative content analysis and focusing on the animated series PJ Masks, examines the potential of the superhero subgenre in the moral education of children. The theoretical framework of this research is based on Bandura’s social learning theory and Piaget’s socialization theory, demonstrating how superhero animations can convey concepts such as the conflict between good and evil, moral dilemmas, and the decision-making process of characters to children. This study particularly emphasizes that heroic narratives, through the precise design of narrative, visual, and auditory elements, have a high capacity for transmitting moral values and can serve as an effective tool in the moral upbringing of children. Additionally, animations, utilizing storytelling techniques, character design, and audiovisual effects, can present complex moral concepts in an engaging and comprehensible manner for children. These elements collectively contribute to an immersive and impactful learning experience that extends beyond mere entertainment, fostering ethical reasoning and emotional intelligence in young viewers.<br>Methods: This study adopts a qualitative approach and employs narrative content analysis. Data were collected through direct observation, extraction of dialogues and character actions, and supplementary resource analysis. The extracted data were examined based on three main axes: 1) learning through observation and modeling (based on Bandura’s theory), 2) social interactions and the process of socialization (based on Piaget’s theory), and 3) enhancing children’s moral skills through exposure to complex situations. In this regard, efforts were made to analyze moral components not only in terms of content but also in terms of narrative techniques and visual representation. Furthermore, detailed visual aspects such as color schemes, impactful music, and scene composition in conveying moral messages were examined. These aspects provide a holistic approach to understanding how moral lessons are embedded in the medium of animation, ensuring that ethical principles are communicated in a way that is accessible and relatable for children.<br>Findings: The findings reveal that the animated series PJ Masks facilitates children’s moral education across three key dimensions: moral propositional knowledge, moral knowledge by acquaintance, and moral skills. Through dramatic storytelling, visual and auditory elements, and character interactions, the show indirectly conveys ethical concepts such as justice, forgiveness, kindness, and collaboration, allowing children to internalize these values without direct indoctrination. Regarding moral knowledge by acquaintance, children develop an understanding of emotional consequences—such as remorse, guilt, or moral satisfaction—by observing characters’ successes and failures, supported by expressive design and narrative structures that simulate real-life ethical dilemmas. Finally, the series enhances moral skills including judgment, emotional regulation, and moral imagination by placing characters in challenging situations that require conflict resolution, self-restraint, and cooperative problem-solving, thereby providing children with practical models for navigating ethical challenges in their own lives.<br>Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that superhero animations, in addition to their entertainment function, have significant potential in fostering moral virtues such as justice, empathy, responsibility, and altruism. Furthermore, this research underscores that the deliberate use of such content should hold a special place in strategies for children’s moral education in today’s media landscape. These findings can serve as a foundation for educational policymaking and the production of appropriate media content for children. Moreover, it is recommended that educators and parents consciously leverage this potential and critically analyze media content to maximize its positive impact on children’s moral development. Future research can explore the influence of these models in other animation genres and develop optimized methods for integrating entertainment and moral education in children’s media. Additionally, interdisciplinary studies involving psychology, education, and media studies could provide further insights into the cognitive and emotional processes through which children assimilate moral lessons from animations. Expanding research on how diverse cultural contexts shape children’s reception of moral narratives in animation can further refine our understanding of the effectiveness of media-based moral education strategies.در دنیای امروز، انیمیشنها بهعنوان ابزاری مهم در فرایند جامعهپذیری کودکان شناخته میشوند. این پژوهش، با بهرهگیری از تحلیل محتوای کیفی و با تمرکز بر مجموعه انیمیشنی گروه شبنقاب، قابلیتهای زیرژانر ابرقهرمانی را در تعلیموتربیت اخلاقی کودکان بررسی میکند. این مطالعه، با تکیه بر نظریههای یادگیری اجتماعی بندورا و جامعهپذیری پیاژه، نشان میدهد که انیمیشنهای ابرقهرمانی میتوانند ازطریق نمایش تقابل خیر و شر، چالشهای اخلاقی و تصمیمگیریهای شخصیتها، به تعلیموتربیت کودکان در زمینه دانستههای اخلاقی، شناختهای اخلاقی و مهارتهای اخلاقی بپردازند. افزونبر این، نشان میدهد که گروه شبنقاب ازطریق این سه شیوۀ اصلی به رشد اخلاقی کودکان کمک میکند: مدلسازی رفتارهای اخلاقی که ازطریق شخصیتهای قهرمان داستان به کودکان الگوهای اخلاقی ارائه میدهد؛ خلق موقعیتهای اجتماعی پیچیده که به کودکان امکان تمرین مهارتهای داوری و تصمیمگیری اخلاقی را میدهد؛ و افزایش تخیل اخلاقی که کودکان را به درک دیدگاههای دیگران و همدلی با آنان ترغیب میکند. باری، نتایج این مطالعه نشان میدهد که انیمیشنهای ابرقهرمانی، در کنار جنبه سرگرمی، ظرفیت بالایی در پرورش فضایل اخلاقی مانند عدالت، همدلی، مسئولیتپذیری و نوعدوستی و نیز مهارتهای لازم برای داوری و عمل اخلاقیِ ملازمِ با این فضائل را دارند؛ بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر تأکید میکند که استفاده هدفمند از ظرفیت چنین آثاری باید در راهبردهای تعلیموتربیت اخلاقیِ کودکان در دنیای رسانهای امروز جایگاهی ویژه داشته باشد.https://www.jccs.ir/article_224999_c13c351a50f94e12490d7bb3ae687372.pdfپژوهشگاه فرهنگ، هنر و ارتباطاتفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فرهنگ - ارتباطات2008-8760277320260421Representation of Childhood in Iranian Cinema A Case Study Of Narrative Analysis of the Movie “Technical Strike”تحلیل بازنمایی کودکی در سینمای ایران مطالعه موردی تحلیل روایت فیلم ضربه فنی18721524061110.22083/jccs.2026.508921.4020FAزینبمسیبی بنابدانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم ارتباطات، دانشکده علوم ارتباطات، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی تهران، تهران، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول) zeinab-mosayyebi@atu.ac.ir0009-0009-1911-6656سیدنورالدینرضویزادهدانشیار، گروه علوم ارتباطات، دانشکده علوم ارتباطات، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی تهران، تهران، ایران.
n.razavizadeh@atu.ac.ir0000-0002-1393-7316Journal Article20250920Introduction: Cinema serves as a medium for storytelling and exploration of the social world, fulfilling a dual role in relation to social reality: it represents existing structures and relationships while also reproducing and reconstructing cultural meanings. Children’s cinema, as a segment of the film industry with its own distinct audience, holds a special significance in media studies. This importance stems not only from the sensitivity surrounding the developmental stages of child audiences but also from the theoretical complexities inherent in the concept of childhood. Childhood, as a social, historical, and cultural category, is continually subject to redefinition and reconstruction, making children’s cinema a platform for showcasing these changes. <br>Studies in film criticism that utilize narratological approaches enable a deeper analysis of the semantic structures within cinematic works. In this context, Roland Barthes’ narratological theory, particularly his concept of the five codes, offers a valuable analytical tool for exploring the various layers of meaning embedded in cinematic texts. This approach allows for a simultaneous examination of narrative structures and the cultural themes present within the text.<br>The film “Technical Strike” exemplifies contemporary Iranian children’s cinema, addressing issues such as power relations, social patterns, and identity conflicts through the narrative of three children’s lives. From a discourse analysis perspective, this film serves as a fitting case study for investigating the representation of childhood and the processes of meaning-making in contemporary Iranian cinema. Ultimately, the cultural patterns and social structures depicted in this cinematic text have been identified and analyzed.<br>Methods: In qualitative research, purposive sampling is often chosen based on the purpose of the research and to achieve in-depth information. The logic of purposive sampling is to “select samples that can be studied in depth and the samples are sampled based on their content and purpose. Methodological experts are critical of the fact that in qualitative research, very few samples are sufficient (Flick, 1401: 138-141). In such research, the goal is not to generalize the results of the selected sample to the entire statistical population; rather, the researcher tries to reach a complete and comprehensive understanding of the selected sample. The sampling method in this research was “purposive” and used the opinions of experts and specialists in children’s literature and cinema.<br>Results: One of the aspects that shapes the semantic codes in this narrative and creates the conceptual data related to the place is the “secret language” of the characters. In such a way that the words and speech of the child characters in the narrative are far from the official language and expressions such as “Breeze to your hard”, “School boy”, “Your reception is good”, “We’ll shave your nose”, “I’m crazy”, “I’ll bet”, “What was the phase?”, “Fabric friend”, “I’m not Khadr” and... are common. The use of these words is in a way that is difficult to understand for those who are far from this space. A group of children used this type of social speech that behaved against the prevailing norms and even the external characteristics such as clothing and the type of music they listen to are different. Examining the secret language among the children in the narrative leads to understanding the hidden layers and the way they understand and perceive their own environment and others.<br>Discussion: This research aimed to analyze the representation of childhood in contemporary Iranian cinema, focusing on the film “Technical Strike” using Roland Barthes’ narratological method. The findings of the five-code analysis show that the representation of childhood in this cinematic work is accompanied by significant contradictions and complexities, which reflect the social and cultural developments of contemporary Iranian society and, at the same time, the continuation of traditional power structures in intergenerational relations.<br>The film also shows that a unified and simple childhood has become a multilayered and complex childhood. We can no longer speak of “child” in the singular, but rather we must speak of children with different experiences, social situations, and cultural capital. Mohammad, Amir, and Bijan represent three different experiences of childhood, each of which is shaped by social class, family structure, and cultural capital. This diversity in representation is a positive step toward understanding the complexities of childhood.<br>In response to the main question of the present study, it should be said that the world of childhood in this film is built on three main axes: first, power relations and social hierarchies that place children in unequal positions; second, competition and conflict that are represented as the main features of children’s interactions; and third, the tension between independence and subordination, where children, on the one hand, want to act independently and, on the other hand, are under the control and supervision of adults.سینما، رسانهای برای روایتگری و کاوش در جهان اجتماعی است و عملکردی دوگانه در قبال واقعیت اجتماعی دارد؛ از یک سو، ساختارها و روابط موجود بازنمایی میشود و ازسویدیگر، در این رسانه معانی فرهنگی بازتولید و بازسازی میشود. سینمای کودک، بهعنوان بخشی از صنعت سینما که مخاطبان خاص خود را دارد، جایگاه ویژهای در مطالعات رسانهای دارد. این اهمیت نهتنها ناشی از حساسیت دورۀ رشد مخاطبان کودک، بلکه ریشه در پیچیدگیهای نظری مفهوم کودکی دارد. کودکی بهعنوان یک مقولۀ اجتماعی، تاریخی و فرهنگی، همواره در معرض بازتعریف و بازسازی قرار داشته و سینمای کودک بستری برای تجلی این بازتعریفها محسوب میشود.<br>مطالعات نقد سینمایی باتکیهبر رویکردهای روایتشناسی، امکان تحلیل عمیق ساختارهای معنایی آثار سینمایی را فراهم آوردهاند. در این میان، نظریه روایتشناسی رولان بارت و بهویژه مفهوم رمزگان پنجگانه، ابزار تحلیلی مناسبی برای کاوش در لایههای مختلف معنا در متون سینمایی ارائه میدهد. این رویکرد قابلیت بررسی همزمان ساختارهای روایی و مضامین فرهنگی نهفته در متن را داراست.<br>فیلم ضربه فنی اثری در بافت سینمای معاصر کودک ایران است که موضوعاتی چون روابط قدرت، الگوهای اجتماعی و تعارضهای هویتی را در قالب روایت زندگی سه کودک بازنمایی میکند. این فیلم از منظر تحلیل گفتمانی، نمونه مناسبی برای بررسی شیوههای بازنمایی کودکی و فرایندهای معناسازی در سینمای معاصر ایران فراهم میآورد. درنهایت، الگوهای فرهنگی و ساختارهای اجتماعی در این متن سینمایی شناسایی و تبیین شده است.https://www.jccs.ir/article_240611_89f173700b750ce9852a336c8d5af886.pdfپژوهشگاه فرهنگ، هنر و ارتباطاتفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فرهنگ - ارتباطات2008-8760277320260421Social media capabilities in selling goods and servicesقابلیتهای شبکههای اجتماعی در فروش کالا و خدمات21724722717010.22083/jccs.2025.504327.4007FAمحمد نوژانحیدری اصفهانیدانشجوی دکتری گروه ارتباطات و رسانه، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. M.nojan.heydari@gmail.com0009-0002-2435-2556محمدرضارسولیدانشیار گروه فرهنگ و رسانه، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. Moh.rasoul@iauctb.ac.ir0000-0002-1879-0771حمیدرضاحسینی دانااستادیار گروه علوم ارتباطات، واحد دماوند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دماوند، ایران. Hoseini.dana@damavand.iau.ir0000-0002-2875-7238Journal Article20250213Introduction: In today’s rapidly transforming digital environment, commercial advertising has undergone a profound shift from traditional media toward more interactive, personalized, and cost-effective digital platforms—particularly social media. These platforms have revolutionized how businesses connect with consumers, enabling direct engagement, precise targeting, and real-time communication. Social networks such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn are now indispensable tools for enhancing brand visibility, fostering customer relationships, and driving sales. This shift marks a significant departure from traditional advertising models that relied heavily on intermediaries such as television, print, or radio. Social media enables companies to directly reach their audience, tailor messages to specific user preferences, and receive immediate feedback. However, the effectiveness of advertising on these platforms is not guaranteed. A variety of factors—ranging from user behavior and content strategies to technological integration and ethical responsibility—can shape campaign outcomes. This study seeks to explore factors in depth, providing evidence-based insights to guide businesses in optimizing advertising efforts on social media.<br>Methods: The Delphi method—a structured, iterative process aimed at achieving expert consensus through multiple rounds of questionnaires—was employed. Ten advertising and marketing professionals were selected as participants. Data collection involved a combination of structured interviews and survey questionnaires, focusing on essential dimensions such as consumer engagement, brand perception, advertising formats, and integration of emerging technologies. Responses were coded and examined for recurring patterns, while thematic analysis helped to organize expert input into categories. Based on these insights, a conceptual model was developed to reflect the critical factors influencing the success of commercial advertising on social networks. The model draws on four established theoretical foundations: Social Influence Theory, Relationship Marketing, Kotler’s 5A Model, and Content Marketing. It has been tailored specifically to the Iranian context through expert validation via the Delphi technique.<br>Results: The study identified several key factors that significantly shape the effectiveness of social media advertising. First, customer engagement is driven by personalized and relevant content, which serves as the cornerstone of successful campaigns; content that resonates with users’ interests tends to generate higher engagement and conversion rates. Second, the ease of content sharing enables the viral nature of social media, allowing advertisements to spread rapidly through user networks and thereby amplifying brand messages and increasing reach. Third, tribal marketing and online communities play a crucial role: brands that cultivate online communities and leverage peer-to-peer influence often enjoy enhanced customer loyalty and trust. Fourth, communication speed on social platforms facilitates real-time information flow, enabling businesses to respond quickly to market trends and consumer feedback. Fifth, digital marketing tactics—including influencer collaborations, search engine optimization (SEO), targeted ads, and analytics-based decision-making—are essential components of successful campaigns. Sixth, ethics and transparency, manifested through honest, clear, and socially responsible advertising practices, are strongly linked to improved brand reputation and consumer trust. Seventh, AI-driven personalization allows businesses to deliver customized content based on individual user behavior, significantly improving advertising performance and return on investment (ROI). Finally, budget flexibility makes social media advertising more adaptable and cost-efficient compared to traditional media, allowing for strategic allocation of marketing budgets.<br>Discussion: The findings underscore the transformative impact of social media on the commercial advertising landscape. One of the most critical trends observed is the shift toward consumer-centric strategies. Today’s consumers seek authenticity, relevance, and personalization -qualities that are achievable through the interactive nature of social platforms.<br>Technological innovation emerged as another major theme. AI tools, chatbots, and predictive analytics are reshaping how companies design, execute, and evaluate advertising campaigns. These tools not only enhance targeting accuracy but also facilitate meaningful interactions with consumers.<br>The study also highlights the growing importance of influencer marketing. Influencers now act as trusted intermediaries, helping brands reach audiences in ways that feel personal and organic. However, the choice of influencer and the alignment of their values with the brand are critical to campaign success.<br>Equally important are ethical considerations. In an era of heightened digital scrutiny, misleading or manipulative advertising can significantly damage a brand’s image. Transparency, ethical messaging, and corporate responsibility are no longer optional -they are essential to maintaining consumer confidence.<br>Finally, the role of performance measurement cannot be overstated. Monitoring engagement, click-through, and conversion metrics allows companies to continuously refine their strategies and improve outcomes.<br>Social media has revolutionized commercial advertising by offering businesses a direct, affordable, and flexible way to engage with their target audience. Yet, the effectiveness of these campaigns depends on a nuanced understanding of multiple interrelated factors -from engagement strategies and ethical standards to technological tools and audience dynamics. By developing a context-sensitive, theory-informed model, this study contributes a practical framework for researchers and marketers alike. The model emphasizes culturally relevant, ethically responsible, and strategically targeted approaches that can enhance advertising outcomes and foster long-term customer loyalty. Future research should examine how emerging technologies like virtual reality, augmented reality, and blockchain can further enhance brand-consumer engagement in digital spaces.با گسترش روزافزون پلتفرمهای دیجیتال و نقش پررنگ شبکههای اجتماعی در زندگی روزمره، این فضاها به ابزارهایی مؤثر برای تبلیغات تجاری تبدیل شدهاند. درحالیکه روشهای سنتی تبلیغات جذابیت گذشته را ندارند، کسبوکارها برای جذب مشتری، افزایش آگاهی از برند و کاهش هزینهها، بیش از پیش به شبکههای اجتماعی روی آوردهاند. با این حال، عوامل فرهنگی، راهبردی و ساختاری مؤثر بر موفقیت تبلیغات در این فضاها نیازمند بررسی دقیقتری هستند. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، شناسایی و تحلیل عوامل کلیدی مؤثر بر تبلیغات تجاری در شبکههای اجتماعی و تدوین یک مدل مفهومی جامع و بومیسازیشده است. مدل مفهومی پژوهش با بهرهگیری از چهار چارچوب نظری شامل نظریه تأثیر اجتماعی، بازاریابی رابطهمند، مدل 5A و بازاریابی محتوا طراحی شد. روش تحقیق مبتنیبر تکنیک کیفی دلفی و مشارکت ده نفر از خبرگان حوزه تبلیغات و رسانه در ایران بود. دادهها طی سه مرحله دلفی گردآوری و ازطریق تحلیل مضمون بررسی شدند. نتایج نشان داد که یازده بُعد اصلی در اثربخشی تبلیغات در شبکههای اجتماعی نقش دارند که از آن جمله میتوان به شخصیسازی محتوا، تعامل با مشتری، نوآوری دیجیتال، بازاریابی با اینفلوئنسرها و رعایت اصول اخلاقی در تولید محتوا اشاره کرد. این پژوهش با رویکردی نظری، سیستمی و فرهنگمحور، مدلی کاربردی برای تحلیل تبلیغات در شبکههای اجتماعی ارائه میدهد که میتواند به طراحی کمپینهای هدفمند، اخلاقمدار و متناسب با فرهنگ بومی کمک کند و به تقویت تعامل و وفاداری مشتریان بینجامد.https://www.jccs.ir/article_227170_aa5b4d6266b8907d1320f3787848f597.pdfپژوهشگاه فرهنگ، هنر و ارتباطاتفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فرهنگ - ارتباطات2008-8760277320260421Fluid Social Capital: A Novel Framework for Relational Analysis within the Context of Intangible Cultural Heritageسرمایه اجتماعی سیال: چارچوبی نوین برای تحلیل رابطهمحور در بستر میراث فرهنگی ناملموس24928523447410.22083/jccs.2025.526273.4048FAراحلهپروینگروه معماری، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران. Raheleh.parvin@iau.ir0000-0001-5784-4288حسیناسمعیلی سنگریاستادیار گروه بنا، پژوهشکده ابنیه و بافت، پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی کشور، تهران، ایران. ( نویسنده مسئول) h.esmaeeli@richt.ir0000-0001-8464-9648اکبرعبداله زاده طرفگروه معماری و شهرسازی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران. Taraffarat@yahoo.com0000-0002-1078-2961Journal Article20250526Introduction: Intangible cultural heritage extends beyond language, art, and rituals to represent a dynamic structure that sustains collective memory, reproduces cultural identity, and reinforces social cohesion. In recent decades, global discourses on the preservation of intangible cultural heritage have shifted from conservation-oriented approaches toward models emphasizing community participation and contextualization. Social capital has emerged as a key component in shaping cultural policies, redefining local identities, and reducing vulnerability to social disruptions. However, much of the existing literature examines social capital from a static and quantitative perspective that does not align with the experiential nature of local cultures. In this context, the concept of “fluid social capital” offers an alternative approach, emphasizing a relational and context-sensitive understanding of social capital. This notion reinterprets transformations in social relations, heritage practices, and the redefinition of cultural policies in response to human experiences. Local communities are not passive carriers of traditions but active agents capable of reviving, refining, and challenging official narratives. Understanding social capital within this framework requires a multifaceted perspective that reflects the diversity of human relationships with heritage, rooted in lived experience and collective memory.<br>Methods: This study develops the concept of “fluid social capital” within intangible cultural heritage through a mixed-methods design that integrates interpretive perspectives, indigenous narratives, and quantitative data to examine social dynamics. In the qualitative phase, lived experiences and cultural interactions were explored using autoethnography, narrative inquiry, and participant observation. Data were analyzed through thematic coding. The quantitative phase employed a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire derived from qualitative findings and the literature, comprising 48 items across four constructs. Purposeful sampling included 100 cultural heritage experts and faculty members, yielding 83 valid responses. Reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88. Correlation analyses and multiple regression were used to examine relationships among variables. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling validated the measurement model. Group differences were tested using t-tests and one-way ANOVA. This integrated approach provides a basis for analyzing findings within the fluid social capital framework, highlighting dynamism, relationality, and contextual embeddedness.<br>Results: Qualitative findings were collected through participant observation, field notes, and documented narratives, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Open coding identified key phrases such as “local trust networks,” “oral transmission of skills,” and “cultural flexibility in crises.” These were grouped during axial coding into broader categories, including “multilayered interaction” and “contextual adaptability,” and ultimately organized under the core theme of “fluid social capital,” reflecting the dynamic nature of social interactions within intangible heritage contexts. <br>The main themes include: <br>• Dynamic Interaction: complex relationships among individuals and groups, including social networks, knowledge transfer, and trust. <br>• Cultural Reproduction: transmission of cultural values and identity through rituals and narratives. <br>• Contextual Flexibility: adaptability of social capital to change and cultural resilience. <br>• Group Boundaries: definition and management of social and identity boundaries. <br>The quantitative phase employed a 48-item Likert-scale questionnaire administered to 83 cultural heritage specialists. Reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88. Normality tests indicated mixed distributions; accordingly, Pearson and Spearman correlations were applied. Results showed significant positive correlations between social trust and cultural memory, contextual dynamics, and temporality. Collective participation was correlated with power inequality and normative dimensions. Gender and age differences were observed in social trust and temporality, supporting the fluid social capital framework and suggesting demographic influences on certain aspects.<br>Discussion: This study redefines social capital within intangible cultural heritage by introducing a framework termed “fluid social capital.” Although social capital plays a crucial role in social cohesion and interactions, existing research often approaches it through static, structuralist, and quantitative perspectives that fail to capture the dynamic nature of local cultures. This gap underscores the need for a context-sensitive approach to explain human interactions in living cultural heritage. The study employed a mixed-methods approach. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with experts and practitioners, participant observation, and autoethnographic narratives. Thematic analysis, including axial and selective coding, was used to extract key components. Quantitative data were gathered using a 48-item Likert-scale questionnaire distributed to 100 cultural heritage experts, with 83 valid responses analyzed. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.88, indicating high reliability. Findings indicate that social trust, contextual dynamism, collective participation, cultural memory, and lived experience play key roles in reinforcing fluid social capital. Significant differences were observed across groups in several components, highlighting the role of fluid social capital in strengthening social interactions. These results suggest that fluid social capital provides a flexible framework for understanding interactions in living cultural heritage and emphasize the need to reconsider cultural policies and adopt participatory approaches for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage.تحلیل ماهوی سازوکار استمرار تعاملات اجتماعی مبتنیبر رابطهمندی در پهنۀ میراث فرهنگی ناملموس، موضوعی بنیادین و ناگزیر است که در پرتو تحولات کلان جهانی و دگرگونیهای راهبردی در حوزۀ مدیریت میراث، جایگاه و ضرورت آن ناشی از پیچیدگیهای زیستجهانی و پارادایمهای نوین مدیریتی، بهطور فزایندهای متبلور و واجد اهمیت متعالی گردیده است. بدینسان پژوهش حاضر، در پی پاسخ به پرسش اصلی «سرمایه اجتماعی سیال در بستر میراث ناملموس، با تکیهبر مؤلفهها، به چه صورت به تداوم تعاملات اجتماعی پویا و رابطهمحور میانجامد؟» با بهرهگیری از روش تحقیق آمیخته (کمی- کیفی)، دادههای کیفی را از طریق مصاحبههای نیمهساختاریافته، مشاهده مشارکتی و روایتنگاری خودمردمنگارانه با استفاده از روش تحلیل مضمون و کدگذاری به شناسایی نمود. همچنین، دادههای کمی گردآوریشده از پرسشنامهای ساختاریافته پس از تأیید پایایی با ضریب آلفای کرونباخ، در میان جامعه آماری توزیع گردیده و با بهرهگیری از آزمونهای آماری تحلیلی جهت بررسی توزیع، روابط و تفاوتهای معنادار مورد پردازش قرار گرفتند؛ علاوهبر آزمونهای آماری مرسوم، دادههای کمی با تحلیل عاملی تأییدی (CFA) و مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری (SEM) بررسی شد تا اعتبار سازهها و روابط علت و معلولی مؤلفهها سنجیده شود. یافتهها نشان میدهد مؤلفههای «اعتماد اجتماعی»، «پویایی زمینهای»، «مشارکت جمعی» و «حافظه فرهنگی و تجربه زیسته» نقشی کلیدی و معنادار در تحکیم سرمایه اجتماعی سیال ایفا مینمایند. این نظریه با بازتعریف نسبت متقابل میان سرمایه اجتماعی و میراث ناملموس، زمینهساز بازآفرینی هویتهای فرهنگی و تقویت انسجام اجتماعی در فرایندهای حفاظت است. افزونبر این، پژوهش بر ضرورت بازنگری بنیادین در سیاستگذاریهای فرهنگی و اتخاذ رویکردهای چندسطحی و مشارکتمحور تأکید مینماید.https://www.jccs.ir/article_234474_c71a1d361a23271faa47ee7570a8e0ca.pdfپژوهشگاه فرهنگ، هنر و ارتباطاتفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فرهنگ - ارتباطات2008-8760277320260421The Non-ergodic Nature of Reality and the Limits of Mind: Prolegomena to Douglas North’s Theory of Conceptسیالیت واقعیت و محدودیت ذهن؛ درآمدی بر نظریه مفهوم داگلاس نورث28731822081510.22083/jccs.2025.516976.4023FAالهامربیعیاستادیار گروه جامعهشناسی دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی. تهران، ایران. e_rabie@sbu.ac.irJournal Article20250415Introduction: This article reconstructs Douglas North’s theory of conceptual formulation in terms of the relationship between reality and mind. Influenced by Weberian methodology, North argues that reality is unstable and fluid, and that the human mind, due to its cognitive limitations, is incapable of fully comprehending it. Therefore, the scientific study of reality necessitates the formulation of self-sufficient abstract concepts that are not objective representations of reality but rather cognitive tools designed to organize the complexities of the social world. These concepts, such as limited access order and open access order, provide the universality and necessity required for scientific inquiry without deriving their legitimacy from external reality.<br>Drawing inspiration from cognitive sciences, North considers mental models as instruments for reducing uncertainty in the human environment and introduces conceptual frameworks as the conditions of possibility for scientific explanation of this environment. According to North, institutions are the concrete and social embodiment of these mental models. Emphasizing both the fluidity of reality and the limitations of the mind, he maintains that understanding historical transformations and bringing order to events requires a theory of history. His historical theory explains institutional change through a subjective interpretation based on the notion of path dependence, which is essentially a reconstruction of the learning process over time. This perspective enables the scientific study of singular phenomena without reducing them to universal laws.<br>North’s theory offers a conciliatory solution to the methodological debate between generalizing and particularizing approaches: economic history as a science becomes possible not through the discovery of fixed laws but through the formulation of self-sufficient, contextual, and testable concepts. Although these concepts have a subjective character, they maintain scientific validity due to their non-arbitrary nature and provide a robust framework for analyzing long-term institutional transformations.<br>Methods: This study is based on a theoretical and conceptual reconstruction of North’s work, focusing on his methodological and epistemological presuppositions. The approach involves a qualitative analysis of North’s key writings, particularly those addressing institutional change, cognitive sciences, and economic history. The reconstruction draws on concepts such as mental models, path dependence, and the distinction between limited and open access orders. The analytical framework is informed by Weberian methodology and cognitive science literature to interpret North’s theory of conceptual formulation. No empirical data collection or statistical analysis is employed; rather, the method consists of interpretive textual analysis and conceptual synthesis.<br>Findings: To fully understand North’s theory, one must pay attention to its ontological and epistemological presuppositions. North conceives social reality as fluid and constantly changing—a reality lacking intrinsic rationality and incapable of being fully and objectively known. This view is heavily influenced by Max Weber’s idea that social reality is infinitely complex and the human mind cannot grasp its entirety. In such circumstances, scientific concepts are not representations of reality but cognitive instruments constructed by researchers to understand parts of this complex reality.<br>Building on cognitive science, North demonstrates how the human mind manages environmental complexities through mental models and conceptual frameworks. These mental models are constantly evolving and are shaped by various factors such as individual experiences and cultural-historical contexts. The key point here is that these models are inherently incomplete and always susceptible to error. It is precisely these cognitive limitations that explain the necessity of institutions; institutions, as social constructs, are in fact the embodied manifestation of these mental models that structure social life.<br>North’s theory of path dependence explains why some institutions persist despite inefficiency. This concept illustrates that past choices and decisions constrain future possible paths. In other words, history matters because current and future conditions are shaped by the continuity of past institutions. This perspective stands in contrast to neoclassical approaches, which typically lean toward static and ahistorical analyses.<br>Conclusion: The significance of North’s theory lies in its provision of a solution to one of the longstanding methodological problems of social sciences: how can singular and historical phenomena be studied scientifically? North’s answer is that this can be achieved through recourse to self-sufficient concepts that, although abstract, are formed non-arbitrarily and within specific historical-cultural contexts. These concepts are neither fully general nor entirely particular; rather, they occupy a middle ground, which makes them particularly suitable for the scientific study of history.این مقاله به بررسی رابطۀ میان واقعیت، ذهن و مفهومپردازی در اندیشۀ داگلاس نورث میپردازد و نشان میدهد که برداشت او از واقعیت بهعنوان امری سیال و ناپایدار، همراه با محدودیتهای ذهن بشری در درک کلیت آن، چگونه به شکلگیری نوع خاصی از مفهومپردازی منجر شده است. ازنظر نورث، ذهن انسان از طریق مفاهیم انتزاعی و کلی قادر به فهم واقعیت انضمامی نیست، بلکه تنها با تکیهبر مفاهیم خودبسنده و وابسته به زمینههای تاریخی-فرهنگی میتواند به شناختی علمی از جهان اجتماعی دست یابد. این مفاهیم نه بازنمایی عینی واقعیت، بلکه ابزارهای شناختیاند که پیچیدگیهای جهان اجتماعی را سامان میدهند و امکان بازسازی نظری آن را فراهم میکنند. نورث نهادها را پاسخی به محدودیتهای شناختی انسان میداند که درعینحال کارکردی معرفتشناختی دارند. نهادها تجسم قواعدی هستند که ذهن برای مواجهه با واقعیت از آنها استفاده میکند. بهعلاوه، فهم فرایند کنش و تغییر و تبیین موفقیتها و شکستها مستلزم نظریهای تاریخی است که بدون آن، وحدتبخشی به دادههای پراکنده و متغیر ممکن نخواهد بود. دادههای ناپایدار بهخودیخود قابلیت تبدیلشدن به ابژۀ علمی را ندارند و تنها در چارچوبی مفهومی میتوانند موضوع شناخت قرار گیرند. نورث واحد اصلی تحلیل در تاریخ اقتصاد را نهاد میداند. هدف نظریۀ تاریخ او تبیین دگرگونیهای نهادی است و برای این منظور، به خوانشی سوبژکتیو از تاریخ مبتنی بر ایدۀ یادگیری متوسل میشود. این نظریه، تحلیلی از فرایند یادگیری در زمان ارائه میدهد که در قالب ایده «وابستگی به مسیر» صورتبندی شده و امکان مطالعۀ علمیِ پویاییهای تاریخی را فراهم میکند.https://www.jccs.ir/article_220815_61b7a46c01a360c841a4e36e716cabbe.pdfپژوهشگاه فرهنگ، هنر و ارتباطاتفصلنامه علمی مطالعات فرهنگ - ارتباطات2008-8760277320260421Prisoners’ reading of prison films: a case study of the film “Dahleez”خوانش زندانیان از فیلمهای زندان: مطالعه موردی فیلم ‹‹دهلیز››31935223307310.22083/jccs.2025.472281.3917FAمهدیسلطانی گردفرامرزیمربی پژوهش گروه جامعهشناسی فرهنگی، پژوهشکده فرهنگ، هنر و معماری، جهاد دانشگاهی، تهران، ایران.
(نویسنده مسئول). m.soltani@acecr.ac.ir0009-0006-2213-3260همایونمرادخانیاستادیار و عضو هیئتعلمی گروه جامعهشناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.
hmoradkhani@razi.ac.ir0009-0006-2213-3260علی اصغراسماعیل زادهعضو هیئتعلمی جهاد دانشگاهی، واحد البرز، کرج، ایران. esmaelzadeh@acecr.ac.ir0009-0002-2611-7592Journal Article20250809Introduction: This study investigates how Iranian prisoners interpret and decode the film Dehliz (directed by Behrouz Shoaibi, 2013), a notable example of social cinema that explores the intertwined themes of retribution, forgiveness, and the impact of imprisonment on family relationships. The research is rooted in the growing field of audience studies within Iranian cultural research, which has rarely examined marginalized or institutionalized audiences such as prisoners. The central aim of this study is to understand how prisoners, as an audience with lived experience of incarceration, engage with cinematic representations of prison life and moral decision-making.<br>Drawing on Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model, the study situates itself within the cultural studies tradition, viewing meaning not as a fixed property of the text but as the product of active interpretation by audiences. In Iranian cinema, particularly films dealing with moral conflict and punishment, the question of how audiences negotiate meanings around justice, compassion, and family has sociocultural significance. This research therefore contributes to filling a critical gap in the sociology of Iranian cinema by examining how prisoners read a film that indirectly mirrors their social and emotional conditions.<br>Methods: The study employed a qualitative, audience-based approach using focus group discussions. Four focus groups, comprising twenty inmates in total, were organized in Sari Central Prison in winter 2013 following a collective screening of the film. Participants were selected through purposive sampling to represent a diversity of age, crime type, sentence length, and educational background. Each group session lasted between 60 and 90 minutes and was guided by semi-structured questions designed to elicit personal interpretations, emotional reactions, and reflections on moral and familial themes.<br>Data were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed through interpretive thematic analysis. The process involved open, axial, and selective coding to identify recurrent patterns of meaning. Reliability was enhanced through inter-coder comparison and member checking. Ethical considerations were carefully observed, including informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation. The analysis was guided by Hall’s tripartite framework—hegemonic, negotiated, and oppositional readings—allowing systematic classification of the prisoners’ interpretations while remaining attentive to contextual nuances in their responses.<br>Results: Findings reveal that the prisoners’ readings of Dehliz were diverse and layered, reflecting their complex moral positions and emotional experiences. Three major types of readings were identified:<br>Hegemonic reading: A group of participants accepted the film’s moral messages about anger control, family loyalty, and the possibility of redemption. They empathized with the protagonist’s emotional struggles and interpreted the film as an ethical lesson consistent with religious and social norms.<br>Negotiated reading: Another group partially accepted the film’s messages but simultaneously questioned its realism. They appreciated the film’s call for forgiveness but emphasized that actual prison life was harsher and less forgiving. For them, the film offered an idealized version of incarceration that contrasted sharply with their lived reality.<br>Oppositional reading: A third group rejected the film’s portrayal of prison life as unrealistic and ideologically biased. They perceived the narrative as sanitizing the power relations, violence, and deprivation experienced in real prisons. For these participants, the film reinforced social stereotypes about prisoners as morally redeemable only through external forgiveness rather than structural justice.<br>Across all groups, the act of decoding was mediated by the prisoners’ identities as fathers, sons, and husbands. The film’s family-centered narrative prompted reflections on loss, guilt, and the desire for reconciliation, demonstrating that audience interpretation is deeply intertwined with personal and emotional experience.<br>Discussion: The study demonstrates that prisoners’ interpretations of Dehliz transcend the fixed categories of Hall’s model and reveal a continuum of readings shaped by lived experience, emotional memory, and moral reasoning. The boundaries between hegemonic, negotiated, and oppositional positions were often fluid, as participants simultaneously identified with and resisted the film’s moral and ideological codes. This hybridity of decoding highlights the need to rethink audience studies in Iran beyond traditional, text-centered approaches and to recognize how social position and institutional context mediate meaning-making.<br>From a sociological perspective, the research shows that the cinematic representation of prison in Dehliz operates as a cultural text through which broader discourses of morality, punishment, and social reintegration are negotiated. The prisoners’ responses reveal both the emotional power of cinema as a space for reflection and its limitations in addressing structural realities. By engaging directly with a marginalized audience, the study contributes to developing a localized understanding of media reception that considers the interplay between ideology, identity, and affect.<br>In conclusion, this research underlines the potential of social cinema in Iran not merely as moral storytelling but as a dialogical medium capable of generating ethical and psychological engagement among socially excluded groups. It also calls for more realistic and pluralistic representations of incarceration in Iranian film and invites policymakers to recognize the educational and rehabilitative potential of cinema within correctional environments.این پژوهش با هدف واکاوی چگونگی خوانش زندانیان از فیلم سینمایی دهلیز (به کارگردانی بهروز شعیبی، 1۳۹2) انجام شده است؛ فیلمی که با طرح مسئلۀ قصاص و بخشش و بازنمایی تأثیر زندان بر مناسبات خانوادگی، از نمونههای شاخص سینمای اجتماعی ایران به شمار میآید. مسئلۀ اصلی پژوهش این است که زندانیان چگونه معناهای نهفته در بازنمایی سینمایی از تجربۀ زیستۀ خود را رمزگشایی میکنند و چه نوع خوانشهایی از فیلم ارائه میدهند. چارچوب نظری مطالعه بر مدل رمزگذاری/رمزگشایی استوارت هال استوار است که امکان تحلیل موقعیت مخاطب را در سه سطح خوانش هژمونیک، توافقی و مخالفتآمیز فراهم میکند. روش تحقیق کیفی و مبتنی بر گروههای کانونی است؛ چهار گروه با بیست زندانی در زندان مرکزی ساری تشکیل شد. دادهها از طریق مصاحبههای نیمهساختاریافته گردآوری و با تحلیل مضمون تفسیری و کدگذاری چندمرحلهای بررسی شدند. یافتهها نشان میدهد زندانیان سه گونه خوانش ارائه کردند: برخی با پیام اخلاقی فیلم دربارۀ کنترل خشم و نقش خانواده همدل بودند (خوانش هژمونیک)، گروهی برداشت توافقی داشتند و ضمن پذیرش پیامها به فاصلۀ واقعیت و بازنمایی اشاره کردند و گروهی با خوانش مخالفتآمیز فیلم را فاقد واقعگرایی و نادیده گیرنده زیست روزمرۀ زندان دانستند. نتایج بیانگر آن است که تجربۀ زیستۀ زندان مرز میان این سه خوانش را سیال میسازد و تفسیرها را در پیوندی پویا با هویت، احساس گناه و امید به بازگشت اجتماعی شکل میدهد. این یافتهها بر ضرورت توجه سینمای اجتماعی ایران به بازنماییهای واقعگرایانهتر و نقش تربیتی و روانی فیلمها برای مخاطبان آسیبپذیر تأکید دارد.https://www.jccs.ir/article_233073_b6a123930320617ccc1ea01c3bfcffee.pdf